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contents

A. contents

B. general - installed power

1. methodology

2. rules and statutory regulations

2.1 definition of voltage ranges

table B1

standard voltages between 100 V and 1000 V (IEC 38-1983)

table B2

standard voltages above 1 kV and not exceeding 35 kV (IEC 38-1983)

B10

B11

2.2 regulations

2.3 standards

2.4 quality and safety of an electrical installation

2.5 initial testing of an installation

2.6 periodic check-testing of an installation

table B3

frequency of check-tests commonly recommended for an electrical installation

2.7 conformity (with standards and specifications) of equipment

used in the installation

3. motor, heating and lighting loads

3.1 induction motors

table B4

power and current values for typical induction motors

3.2 direct-current motors

table B6

progressive starters with voltage ramp

table B7

progressive starters with current limitation

3.3 resistive-type heating appliances and incandescent lamps

(conventional or halogen)

table B8

current demands of resistive heating and incandescent lighting (conventional or halogen)

appliancesB11

3.4 fluorescent lamps and related equipment

table B10

current demands and power consumption of commonly-dimensioned fluorescent

lighting tubes (at 220 V/240 V - 50 Hz)

table B11

current demands and power consumption of compact fluorescent lamps

(at 220 V/240 V - 50 Hz)

B11

B12

B13

B14

B15

B16

B17

3.5 discharge lamps

table B12

current demands of discharge lamps

4. power loading of an installation

4.1 installed power (kW)

4.2 installed apparent power (kVA)

table B13

estimation of installed apparent power

4.3 estimation of actual maximum kVA demand

table B14

simultaneity factors in an apartment block

table B16

factor of simultaneity for distribution boards (IEC 439)

table B17

factor of simultaneity according to circuit function

4.4 example of application of factors ku and ks

table B18

an example in estimating the maximum predicted loading of an installation

(the factor values used are for demonstration purposes only)

contents - A1

contents (continued)

B. general - installed power (continued)

4. power loading of an installation (continued)

4.5 diversity factor

4.6 choice of transformer rating

table B19

IEC-standardized kVA ratings of HV/LV 3-phase distribution transformers

and corresponding nominal full-load current values

B18

B19

4.7 choice of power-supply sources

C. HV/LV distribution substations

1. supply of power at high voltage

1.1 power-supply characteristics of high voltage distribution networks

table C1

relating nominal system voltages with corresponding rated system voltages

(r.m.s. values)

table C2

switchgear rated insulation levels

table C3A

transformers rated insulation levels in series I (based on current practice other than

in the United States of America and some other countries)

table C3B

transformers rated insulation levels in series II (based on current practice in the United

States of America and some other countries)

table C4

standard short-circuit current-breaking ratings extracted from table X IEC 56

C11

C13

C15

C17

C22

C25

C26

C27

C31

C34

C36

C37

C38

C41

C42

C44

C46

C48

C49

C52

1.2 different HV service connections

1.3 some operational aspects of HV distribution networks

2. consumers HV substations

2.1 procedures for the establishment of a new substation

3. substation protection schemes

3.1 protection against electric shocks and overvoltages

3.2 electrical protection

table C18

power limits of transformers with a maximum primary current not exceeding 45 A

table C19

rated current (A) of HV fuses for transformer protection according to IEC 282-1

table C20

3-phase short-circuit currents of typical distribution transformers

3.3 protection against thermal effects

3.4 interlocks and conditioned manœuvres

4. the consumer substation with LV metering

4.1 general

4.2 choice of panels

table C27

standard short-circuit MVA and current ratings at different levels of nominal voltage

4.3 choice of HV switchgear panel for a transformer circuit

4.4 choice of HV/LV transformer

table C31

categories of dielectric fluids

table C32

safety measures recommended in electrical installations using dielectric liquids

of classes 01, K1, K2 or K3

5. a consumer substation with HV metering

5.1 general

5.2 choice of panels

5.3 parallel operation of transformers

6. constitution of HV/LV distribution substations

6.1 different types of substation

6.2 indoor substations equipped with metal-enclosed switchgear

6.3 outdoor substations

A2 - contents

7. appendix 1 : example in coordination of the

characteristics of an HV switch-fuse combination

protecting an HV/LV transformer

7.1 transfert current and take-over current

7.2 types of faults involved in the transfer region

App C1-1

App C1-2

App C1-3

8. appendix 2 : ground-surface potential gradients

due to earth-fault currents

9. appendix 3 : vector diagram of ferro-resonance

at 50Hz (or 60 Hz)

App C2-1

App C3-1

D. low-voltage service connections

1. low-voltage public distribution networks

1.1 low-voltage consumers

table D1

survey of electricity supplies in various countries around the world.

table D2

D10

D13

D14

1.2 LV distribution networks

1.3 the consumer-service connection

1.4 quality of supply voltage

2. tariffs and metering

E. power factor improvement and harmonic filtering

1. power factor improvement

1.1 the nature of reactive energy

1.2 plant and appliances requiring reactive current

1.3 the power factor

1.4 tan ϕ

1.5 practical measurement of power factor

1.6 practical values of power factor

table E5

example in the calculation of active and reactive power

table E7

values of cos ϕand tan ϕfor commonly-used plant and equipment

E10

2. why improve the power factor?

2.1 reduction in the cost of electricity

2.2 technical/economic optimization

table E8

multiplying factor for cable size as a function of cos ϕ

3. how to improve the power factor

3.1 theoretical principles

3.2 by using what equipment?

3.3 the choice between a fixed or automatically-regulated bank

of capacitors

4. where to install correction capacitors

4.1 global compensation

4.2 compensation by sector

4.3 individual compensation

contents - A3

contents (continued)

E. power factor improvement and harmonic filtering (continued)

5. how to decide the optimum level of compensation

5.1 general method

5.2 simplified method

table E17

kvar to be installed per kW of load, to improve the power factor of an installation

E11

E12

E13

E14

E15

E16

5.3 method based on the avoidance of tariff penalties

5.4 method based on reduction of declared maximum apparent

power (kVA)

6. compensation at the terminals of a transformer

6.1 compensation to increase the available active power output

table E20

active-power capability of fully-loaded transformers, when supplying loads at different

values of power factor

6.2 compensation of reactive energy absorbed by the transformer

table E24

reactive power consumption of distribution transformers with 20 kV primary windings

7. compensation at the terminals of an induction motor E17

7.1 connection of a capacitor bank and protection settings

table E26

reduction factor for overcurrent protection after compensation

E17

E18

E19

7.2 how self-excitation of an induction motor can be avoided

table E28

maximum kvar of P.F. correction applicable to motor terminals without risk

of self-excitation

8. example of an installation before and after

power-factor correction

9. the effect of harmonics on the rating of a capacitor

bank

9.1 problems arising from power-system harmonics

9.2 possible solutions

9.3 choosing the optimum solution

table E30

choice of solutions for limiting harmonics associated with a LV capacitor bank

E20

E21

E22

E23

E24

E25

9.4 possible effects of power-factor-correction capacitors

on the power-supply system

10. implementation of capacitor banks

10.1 capacitor elements

10.2 choice of protection, control devices, and connecting cables

11. appendix 1 : elementary harmonic filters

12. appendix 2 : harmonic suppression reactor

for a single (power factor correction)

capacitor bank

App E3-1

App E4-1

F. distribution within a low-voltage installation

1. general

1.1 the principal schemes of LV distribution

1.2 the main LV distribution board

1.3 transition from IT to TN

A4 - contents

2. essential services standby supplies

2.1 continuity of electric-power supply

2.2 quality of electric-power supply

table F10

assumed levels of transient overvoltage possible at different points of a typical

installation

table F12

typical levels of impulse withstand voltage of industrial circuit breakers labelled

Uimp = 8 kV

table F18

compatibility levels for installation materials

F13

3. safety and emergency-services installations,

and standby power supplies

3.1 safety installations

3.2 standby reserve-power supplies

3.3 choice and characteristics of reserve-power supplies

table F21

table showing the choice of reserve-power supply types according to application

requirements and acceptable supply-interruption times

F15

F16

F17

F18

F19

F20

F21

F23

F29

F30

F31

F32

F33

F36

F37

F38

F39

F41

F43

F44

F45

F46

3.4 choice and characteristics of different sources

table F22

table of characteristics of different sources

3.5 local generating sets

4. earthing schemes

4.1 earthing connections

table F25

list of exposed-conductive-parts and extraneous-conductive-parts

4.2 definition of standardized earthing schemes

4.3 earthing schemes characteristics

4.4.1 choice criteria

4.4.2 comparison for each criterion

4.5 choice of earthing method - implementation

4.6 installation and measurements of earth electrodes

table F47

resistivity (Ω-m) for different kinds of terrain

table F48

mean values of resistivity (Ω-m) for an approximate estimation of an earth-electrode

resistance with respect to zero-potential earth

5. distribution boards

5.1 types of distribution board

5.2 the technologies of functional distribution boards

5.3 standards

5.4 centralized control

6. distributors

6.1 description and choice

6.2 conduits, conductors and cables

table F60

selection of wiring systems

table F61

erection of wiring systems

table F62

some examples of installation methods

table F63

designation code for conduits according to the most recent IEC publications

table F64

designation of conductors and cables according to CENELEC code for harmonized

cables

table F66

commonly used conductors and cables

contents - A5

contents (continued)

F. distribution within a low-voltage installation (continued)

7. external influences

7.1 classification

table F67

concise list of important external influences (taken from Appendix A of IEC 364-3)

F47

F48

F49

7.2 protection by enclosures: IP code

G. protection against electric shocks

1. general

1.1 electric shock

1.2 direct and indirect contact

G10

G13

2. protection against direct contact

2.1 measures of protection against direct contact

2.2 additional measure of protection against direct contact

3. protection against indirect contact

3.1 measure of protection by automatic disconnection of the supply

table G8

maximum safe duration of the assumed values of touch voltage in conditions where

UL = 50 V

table G9

maximum safe duration of the assumed values of touch voltage in conditions where

UL = 25 V

3.2 automatic disconnection for a TT-earthed installation

table G11

maximum operating times of RCCBs (IEC 1008)

3.3 automatic disconnection for a TN-earthed installation

table G13

maximum disconnection times specified for TN earthing schemes (IEC 364-4-41)

3.4 automatic disconnection on a second earth fault in an IT-earthed

system

table G18

maximum disconnection times specified for an IT-earthed installation (IEC 364-4-41)

3.5 measures of protection against direct or indirect contact

without circuit disconnection

4. implementation of the TT system

4.1 protective measures

table G26

the upper limit of resistance for an installation earthing electrode which must not be

exceeded, for given sensitivity levels of RCDs at UL voltage limits of 50 V and 25 V

G13

G14

G15

G18

G20

G21

G22

G23

4.2 types of RCD

4.3 coordination of differential protective devices

5. implementation of the TN system

5.1 preliminary conditions

5.2 protection against indirect contact

table G42

correction factor to apply to the lengths given in tables G43 to G46 for TN systems

table G43

maximum circuit lengths for different sizes of conductor and

instantaneous-tripping-current settings for general-purpose circuit breakers

table G44

maximum circuit lengths for different sizes of conductor and rated currents for type B

circuit breakers

table G45

maximum circuit lengths for different conductor sizes and for rated currents of circuit

breakers of type C

table G46

maximum circuit lengths for different conductor sizes and for rated currents of circuit

breakers of type D or MA Merlin Gerin

5.3 high-sensitivity RCDs

5.4 protection in high fire-risk locations

5.5 when the fault-current-loop impedance is particularly high

A6 - contents

6. implementation of the IT system

6.1 preliminary conditions

table G53

essential functions in IT schemes

G24

G25

G28

G29

G30

G31

G32

G33

G34

6.2 protection against indirect contact

table G59

correction factors, for IT-earthed systems, to apply to the circuit lengths given

in tables G43 to G46

6.3 high-sensitivity RCDs

6.4 in areas of high fire-risk

6.5 when the fault-current-loop impedance is particularly high

7. residual current differential devices (RCDs)

7.1 description

7.2 application of RCDs

table G70

electromagnetic compatibility withstand-level tests for RCDs

table G72

means of reducing the ratio I∆n/lph (max.)

7.3 choice of characteristics of a residual-current circuit breaker

(RCCB - IEC 1008)

table G74

typical manufacturers coordination table for RCCBs, circuit breakers, and fuses

H. the protection of circuits and the switchgear

H1. the protection of circuits

1. general

1.1 methodology and definitions

table H1-1

logigram for the selection of cable size and protective-device rating for a given circuit

H1-1

H1-3

H1-4

H1-5

H1-6

H1-8

H1-9

1.2 overcurrent protection principles

1.3 practical values for a protection scheme

1.4 location of protective devices

table H1-7

general rules and exceptions concerning the location of protective devices

1.5 cables in parallel

1.6 worked example of cable calculations

table H1-9

calculations carried out with ECODIAL software (Merlin Gerin)

table H1-10

example of short-circuit current evaluation

2. practical method for determining the smallest

allowable cross-sectional-area of circuit conductors

2.1 general

table H1-11

logigram for the determination of minimum conductor size for a circuit

H1-10

H1-11

H1-12

H1-13

2.2 determination of conductor size for unburied circuits

table H1-12

code-letter reference, depending on type of conductor and method of installation

table H1-13

factor K1 according to method of circuit installation (for further examples refer

to IEC 364-5-52 table 52H)

table H1-14

correction factor K2 for a group of conductors in a single layer

table H1-15

correction factor K3 for ambient temperature other than 30 

table H1-17

case of an unburied circuit: determination of the minimum cable size (c.s.a.), derived

from the code letter; conductor material; insulation material and the fictitious current I'z

contents - A7

contents (continued)

H. the protection of circuits and the switchgear (continued)

H1. the protection of circuits (continued)

2. practical method for determining the smallest

allowable cross-sectional-area of circuit conductors (continued)

2.3 determination of conductor size for buried circuits

table H1-19

correction factor K4 related to the method of installation

table H1-20

correction factor K5 for the grouping of several circuits in one layer

table H1-21

correction factor K6 for the nature of the soil

table H1-22

correction factor K7 for soil temperatures different than 20 

table H1-24

case of a buried circuit: minimum c.s.a. in terms of type of conductor; type of insulation;

and value of fictitious current I'z (I'z = Iz)

H1-14

H1-15

3. determination of voltage drop

3.1 maximum voltage-drop limit

table H1-26

maximum voltage-drop limits

H1-17

H1-18

H1-20

H1-21

H1-22

H1-23

3.2 calculation of voltage drops in steady load conditions

table H1-28

voltage-drop formulae

table H1-29

phase-to-phase voltage drop ∆for a circuit, in volts per ampere per km

4. short-circuit current calculations

4.1 short-circuit current at the secondary terminals of a HV/LV

distribution transformer

table H1-32

typical values of Usc for different kVA ratings of transformers with HV windings i 20 kV

table H1-33

Isc at the LV terminals of 3-phase HV/LV transformers supplied from a HV system

with a 3-phase fault level of 500 MVA, or 250 MVA

4.2 3-phase short-circuit current (Isc) at any point within

a LV installation

table H1-36

the impedance of the HV network referred to the LV side of the HV/LV transformer

table H1-37

resistance, reactance and impedance values for typical distribution transformers

with HV windings i 20 kV

table H1-38

recapitulation table of impedances for different parts of a power-supply system

table H1-39

example of short-circuit current calculations for a LV installation supplied at 400 V

(nominal) from a 1,000 kVA HV/LV transformer

4.3 Isc at the receiving end of a feeder in terms of the Isc

at its sending end

table H1-40

Isc at a point downstream, in terms of a known upstream fault-current value

and the length and c.s.a. of the intervening conductors, in a 230/400 V 3-phase system

H1-24

H1-25

H1-26

4.4 short-circuit current supplied by an alternator or an inverter

5. particular cases of short-circuit current

5.1 calculation of minimum levels of short-circuit current

table H1-49

maximum circuit lengths in metres for copper conductors (for aluminium, the lengths

must be multiplied by 0.62)

table H1-50

maximum length of copper-conductored circuits in metres protected by B-type

circuit breakers

table H1-51

maximum length of copper-conductored circuits in metres protected by C-type

circuit breakers

table H1-52

maximum length of copper-conductored circuits in metres protected by D-type

circuit breakers

table H1-53

correction factors to apply to lengths obtained from tables H1-49 to H1-52

A8 - contents

H1-28

H1-29

H1-30

5.2 verification of the withstand capabilities of cables

under short-circuit conditions

table H1-54

value of the constant k2

table H1-55

maximum allowable thermal stress for cables (expressed in amperes2 x seconds x 106)

H1-31

H1-32

H1-33

6. protective earthing conductors (PE)

6.1 connection and choice

table H1-59

choice of protective conductors (PE)

6.2 conductor dimensioning

table H1-60

minimum c.s.a.'s for PE conductors and earthing conductors

(to the installation earth electrode)

table H1-61

k factor values for LV PE conductors, commonly used in national standards

and complying with IEC 724

H1-34

H1-35

6.3 protective conductor between the HV/LV transformer

and the main general distribution board (MGDB)

table H1-63

c.s.a. of PE conductor between the HV/LV transformer and the MGDB, in terms of transformer

ratings and fault-clearance times used in FranceH1-35

6.4 equipotential conductor

7. the neutral conductor

7.1 dimensioning the neutral conductor

7.2 protection of the neutral conductor

table H1-65

table of protection schemes for neutral conductors in different earthing systems

H1-35

H1-36

H1-37

H2. the switchgear

1. the basic functions of LV switchgear

table H2-1

basic functions of LV switchgear

H2-1

H2-2

H2-4

H2-5

H2-7

H2-9

H2-11

1.1 electrical protection

1.2 isolation

table H2-2

peak value of impulse voltage according to normal service voltage of test specimen

1.3 switchgear control

2. the switchgear and fusegear

2.1 elementary switching devices

table H2-7

utilization categories of LV a.c. switches according to IEC 947-3

table H2-8

factor "n" used for peak-to-rms value (IEC 947-part 1)

table H2-13

zones of fusing and non-fusing for LV types gG and gM class fuses

(IEC 269-1 and 269-2-1)

2.2 combined switchgear elements

3. choice of switchgear

3.1 tabulated functional capabilities

table H2-19

functions fulfilled by different items of switchgear

3.2 switchgear selection

contents - A9

contents (continued)

H2. the switchgear (continued)

4. circuit breakers

table H2-20

functions performed by a circuit breaker/disconnector

H2-12

H2-15

H2-16

H2-17

4.1 standards and descriptions

4.2 fundamental characteristics of a circuit breaker

table H2-28

tripping-current ranges of overload and short-circuit protective devices

for LV circuit breakers

table H2-31

Icu related to power factor (cos ϕof fault-current circuit (IEC 947-2)

4.3 other characteristics of a circuit breaker

H2-18

table H2-34

relation between rated breaking capacity Icu and rated making capacity Icm at different

power-factor values of short-circuit current, as standardized in IEC 947-2H2-19

4.4 selection of a circuit breaker

table H2-38

examples of tables for the determination of derating/uprating factors to apply to CBs

with uncompensated thermal tripping units, according to temperature

table H2-40

different tripping units, instantaneous or short-time delayed

table H2-43

maximum values of short-circuit current to be interrupted by main and principal

circuit breakers (CBM and CBP respectively), for several transformers in parallel

H2-20

H2-21

H2-23

H2-25

H2-27

H2-28

H2-29

H2-32

4.5 coordination between circuit breakers

table H2-45

example of cascading possibilities on a 230/400 V or 240/415 V 3-phase installation

table H2-49

summary of methods and components used in order to achieve discriminative tripping

4.6 discrimination HV/LV in a consumer's substation

J. particular supply sources and loads

1. protection of circuits supplied by an alternator

1.1 an alternator on short-circuit

1.2 protection of essential services circuits supplied in emergencies

from an alternator

1.3 choice of tripping units

1.4 methods of approximate calculation

table J1-7

procedure for the calculation of 3-phase short-circuit current

table J1-8

procedure for the calculation of 1-phase to neutral short-circuit current

1.5 the protection of standby and mobile a.c. generating sets

2. inverters and UPS

(Uninterruptible Power Supply units)

2.1 what is an inverter?

2.2 types of UPS system

J10

table J2-4

examples of different possibilities and applications of inverters, in decontamination of supplies

and in UPS schemesJ11

J11

J12

J14

J15

J17

2.3 standards

2.4 choice of a UPS system

2.5 UPS systems and their environment

2.6 putting into service and technology of UPS systems

2.7 earthing schemes

A10 - contents

2.8 choice of main-supply and circuit cables, and cables for the battery

connection

table J2-21

voltage drop in % of 324 V d.c. for a copper-cored cable

table J2-22

currents and c.s.a. of copper-cored cables feeding the rectifier, and supplying the load

for UPS system Maxipac (cable lengths < 100 m)

table J2-23

currents and c.s.a. of copper-cored cables feeding the rectifier, and supplying the load

for UPS system EPS 2000 (cable lengths < 100 m). Battery cable data are also included

table J2-24

input, output and battery currents for UPS system EPS 5000 (Merlin Gerin)

J20

J21

J22

J23

J24

J25

J26

J27

J28

J29

J30

J31

2.9 choice of protection schemes

2.10 complementary equipments

3. protection of LV/LV transformers

3.1 transformer-energizing in-rush current

3.2 protection for the supply circuit of a LV/LV transformer

3.3 typical electrical characteristics of LV/LV 50 Hz transformers

table J3-5

typical electrical characteristics of LV/LV 50 Hz transformers

3.4 protection of transformers with characteristics as tabled in J3-5

above, using Merlin Gerin circuit breakers

table J3-6

protection of 3-phase LV/LV transformers with 400 V primary windings

table J3-7

protection of 3-phase LV/LV transformers with 230 V primary windings

table J3-8

protection of 1-phase LV/LV transformers with 400 V primary windings

table J3-9

protection of 1-phase LV/LV transformers with 230 V primary windings

4. lighting circuits

4.1 service continuity

4.2 lamps and accessories (luminaires)

table J4-1

analysis of disturbances in fluorescent-lighting circuits

4.3 the circuit and its protection

4.4 determination of the rated current of the circuit breaker

table J4-2

protective circuit breaker ratings for incandescent lamps and resistive-type heating

circuits

table J4-3

maximum limit of rated current per outgoing lighting circuit, for high-pressure discharge

lamps

table J4-4

current ratings of circuit breakers related to the number of fluorescent luminaires to be

protected

J31

J32

J33

J34

J35

J36

J37

J38

J39

J41

4.5 choice of control-switching devices

table J4-5

types of remote control

4.6 protection of ELV lighting circuits

4.7 supply sources for emergency lighting

5. asynchronous motors

5.1 protective and control functions required

table J5-2

commonly-used types of LV motor-supply circuits

5.2 standards

5.3 basic protection schemes: circuit breaker / contactor / thermal relay

table J5-4

utilization categories for contactors (IEC 947-4)

5.4 preventive or limitative protection

contents - A11

contents (continued)

J. particular supply sources and loads (continued)

5. asynchronous motors (continued)

5.5 maximum rating of motors installed for consumers supplied at LV

table J5-12

maximum permitted values of starting current for direct-on-line LV motors (230/400 V)

table J5-13

maximum permitted power ratings for LV direct-on-line-starting motors

J43

J44

J45

J46

J47

5.6 reactive-energy compensation (power-factor correction)

6. protection of direct-current installations

6.1 short-circuit currents

6.2 characteristics of faults due to insulation failure, and of protective

switchgear

table J6-4

characteristics of protective switchgear according to type of d.c. system earthing

6.3 choice of protective device

table J6-5

choice of d.c. circuit breakers manufactured by Merlin Gerin

6.4 examples

6.5 protection of persons

7. Appendix : Short-circuit characteristics

of an alternator

App J1-1

L. domestic and similar premises and special locations

1. domestic and similar premises

1.1 general

1.2 distribution-board components

1.3 protection of persons

1.4 circuits

table L1-9

recommended minimum number of lighting and power points in domestic premises

table L1-11

c.s.a. of conductors and current rating of the protective devices in domestic

installations (the c.s.a. of aluminium conductors are shown in brackets)

L10

2. bathrooms and showers

2.1 classification of zones

2.2 equipotential bonding

2.3 requirements prescribed for each zone

3. recommendations applicable to special installations

and locations

L11

A12 - contents

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