1) The tombstone of this novel's main character is described as "On a field, sable, the letter A, gules". In this book, Dimmesdale confesses his sin and then dies in Hester's arms. (*) One of the characters of this book makes Hester swear her to secrecy about their marriage. Who, for ten points, must wear the title letter as punishment.

Answer: The Scarlet Letter

2) This 1910s-era novel was used as a propaganda tool by Quebec clergy during the Great Depression. One of the main themes of this book is the allegory of a people born for a small bread. (*) The titular character has three suitors, each symbolizing different values. Louis Hémon wrote, for ten points, which roman du terroir?

Answer: Maria Chapdelaine

3) This Ottoman governor of Sidon launched a punitive expedition against the Druze in Mount Lebanon to collect tax arrears. He was appointed wali of Damascus eyalet for three non-consecutive terms. (*) He faced a Mamluk rebellion in Acre in 1789, which was brutally suppressed. For ten points, name this Ottoman governor who defeated Napoleon at Acre in 1799.

Answer: al-Jazzar (accept Jazzar Pacha)

4) The first part of a novel by this author opens with the development of a source of energy called the Electron Pump. In one of this author's novellas, a robot gradually gains his humanity. (*) One of his series of science-fiction books centers around psychohistory predicting the downfall of an empire. This author, for ten points, is the namesake of the Three Laws of Robotics.

Answer: Isaac Asimov (The first and the the second clues refer to The Gods Themselves and The Bicentennial Man respectively)

5) Recent attempts to remedy this phenomenon include alum treatment and seaweed farming. The ban on phosphates in detergents was enacted in an attempt to limit it. (*) This phenomenon creates hypoxic areas known as dead zones. For ten points, name the phenomenon giving rise to harmful algae blooms.

Answer: Eutrophication

6) This French painter's early work, while inspired by Spanish artists, was still academist. His Luncheon on the Grass inspired Zola to write L'Oeuvre based on the controversy surrounding the work at the (*) Salon des Refusés. Music in the Tuileries garnered him early fame despite largely negative public reaction. For ten points, name this French realist painter who's considered a pioneer of modern painting.

Answer: (Edouard) Manet (reject Monet)

7) The trade-off model is based on the idea that a pathogen cannot increase this property without paying the price. In ecology, this property is understood in terms of proximate and ultimate causes. (*) Structures in pathogens capable of hurting other organisms are called factors of this property. For ten points, name this property describing the ability of a pathogen to cause damage to a host.

Answer: Virulence

8) The failure of a seventeenth century Scottish attempt to colonize this region led Scotland to financial ruin. During the Venezuelan Refugee Crisis, thousands of migrants crossed this once-thought impassable region in an attempt to reach the US border. (*) This region is home to the discontinuity in the Pan-American Highway, which, for ten points, sits on the demarcation between Central and South America.

Answer: Darien Gap

9) A complication of this action involving fresh blood is called hematemesis. Performing this action recurrently may cause an electrolyte imbalance. (*) This action can be the result of ailments such as food poisoning or gastroenteritis. For ten points, name this involuntary action of emptying the stomach.

Answer: Vomiting

10) This style of architecture was the style of the Saint-Jacques Tower in Paris, a church partially demolished during the French Revolution. It was also used in the infamous Butter Tower in Rouen. (*) Buildings using this Gothic style had increasingly ornate construction which, for ten points, preceded Renaissance architecture.

Answer: Flamboyant Gothic

11) The logistics of this expedition left behind a road bearing its name across the Allegheny Mountains and Maryland. George Washington took over command of this expedition after (*) its namesake died at the Battle of the Monongahela during, for ten points, a failed British attempt at capturing Fort Duquesne.

Answer: Braddock Expedition

12) This Greek city was, in the High Middle Ages, the capital of the Emirate of Crete. Its siege during the mid-seventeenth century lasted twenty-one years and led to the collapse of the (*) Kingdom of Candie. The Minoan archaeological site of Knossos, for ten points, lies in the outskirts of which southern Greek island city?

Answer: Heraklion (accept Candie until Kingdom of Candie is read)

13) This battle was waged in an attempt to break the blockade of Suncheon. It was fought at night to prevent Japanese fleets from linking up. (*) Korean admiral Yi Sun-shin died during, for ten points, this battle that ended the Imjin War.

Answer: Noryang (accept Noryang Strait or Noryang Point)

14) In this book, a character named Mustapha Mond holds the position of Resident World Controller of Western Europe. Bernard takes a holiday with Lenina to a Native American reservation in New Mexico. (*) The residents of this book's world state are kept happy with soma. For ten points, name this book whose dystopian World State separates its residents by castes.

Answer: Brave New World

15) Superlubricity occurs when this force is nearly negligible. The internal variety of this force occurs when an object is being deformed. (*) Its laws state that its magnitude is independent of sliding velocity. For ten points, name this force that resists the relative motion of solid surfaces.

Answer: Friction

16) According to Kindleberger, the basic structure of this event can be divided into five phases. It has been theorized that excess liquidity was a key factor in their formation. (*) The Dutch tulip mania was the first recorded event of this type, which, for ten points, caused prices to soar well beyond their intrinsic market value.

Answer: Economic bubble (accept asset bubble)

17) This book landed Flaubert on trial for outraging public decency at release. Its titular character got her assets seized after defaulting on her consumer debts at a luxury clothing shop near its ending. (*) Marquess of Andervilliers' ball makes the titular character catch a glimpse of her desired life. For ten points, name this French novel whose titular character lived beyond her means for escapism.

Answer: Madame Bovary

18) This substance was initially thought to have only one teratogenic enantiomer. As a medication, it's currently used for leprosy and multiple myeloma. (*) This substance was involved in a scandal involving a wave of birth defects in the late 1950s named after it. For ten points, name this medication that forced a change in drug testing regulations.

Answer: Thalidomide

19) In this movie, the Little Tramp saves a drunken millionaire from suicide several times. The Little Tramp only seems to be able to befriend the millionaire when he is drunk. (*) That movie's millionaire gives the flower girl the money to pay for eyesight-restoring surgery. For ten points, name this silent movie which nonetheless have a synchronized soundtrack.

Answer: City Lights

20) A novel by this author speaks about war and peace being friends that mock people. The author compares, in a book, living with autism to life as a first-generation immigrant. (*) This writer's debut novel tells the story of a Vietnamese boat people refugee family arriving in Quebec. For ten points, name this Vietnamese refugee author of Ru.

Answer: Kim Thuy (Two-ee; the first two clues refer to Ru)